Reasoning


(Q.1) The conscious application of logic to draw a conclusion or decision from new or existing knowledge with the aim of seeking truth we shall call reasoning. Not all things and not all living things have the capacity for reasoning. The development of the frontal cortex of the brain in mammals has enabled them to utilize reasoning. The relative size of the frontal cortex largely determines the extent to which those mammals with a frontal cortex can reason. Homo sapiens have developed the greatest capacity for reasoning.

(Q.2) The process by which reasoning occurs in the brain is unknown. We only know that it requires a living brain with a frontal cortex and we do know that it happens within specific neural regions the brain. We further know that reasoning can be impaired by introduction of certain chemical agents and can be damaged or lost by damage to the region of the brain where reasoning occurs. Finally, we know that the reasoning ability varies from animal species and within individual in each species. We say that humans have a greater ability for reasoning than their pet dog, and that Joe with an intelligent quotient (IQ) of 150 has a greater reasoning ability than John with an average IQ of 100.

(Q.3) The mental process of reasoning follows the rules of logic in using knowledge composed of digital information. Further, it assumes that the knowledge that is input is true until logically proven otherwise. Reasoning is accomplished by digitally processing the information input into the material data processor within the brain composed of various configuration of neural cells, some of which are configured as biological logic gates. As an example, the input of the knowledge that the image of the thing being observed is an apple and the knowledge that the color of the thing being observed has the quale of redness. A biological AND gate processes the two inputs and yields the reasoned output as new knowledge that "the apple is red". The brain performs untold thousands of these biological logic process every day.

(Q.4) Reasoning utilizes accessible knowledge of cause and effect to develop a logical truth, with cause and effect serving the purpose of a AND logic gates to initiate the "if then" flow of the input. Lack of knowledge limits the development of truths. Examples include lack of knowledge that limits the truths attributable to the Ultimate Supreme Being itself. Of what we do not know we must not speak.

We can, however, uses assumptions of knowledge to test premises for truths with the logic of reasoning in conjunction with the observation of cause and effect to reveal new truths. This is the method we call science that results in new truths of is as that we call scientific knowledge. It is how, for example, we have knowledge of the truth that light of different wavelengths different qualia of color in the brain, that sensory input of the physical causes are sent to the brain from sensors in our skin and organs over neural networks to the brain where they are processes to produce the qualia of pain and emotion of distress, and that the knowledge that the earth is not flat as the false truth as once held to be true. Without sensory data to use as information for creating knowledge and without knowledge to use in thought
itself using the logic of reasoning no truths can be established as fact.

(Q.5) Reasoning and emotion are often combined to result in action but the extent of each in producing that action varies from none to all. As an example, no reasoning is required to produce the action of removing your hand from a hot stove. The emotion of pain is sufficient to produce the action. But reasoning is sufficient cause for the action of not placing your hand on hot stove. Recall of memory of the emotion of pain you experienced as the result of physical cause and effect when you placed previously placed you hand on a hot stove drives your reasoning. If you were a young child you had never experienced the pain of touching a hot stove, reasoning would not prevent you from touched the hot stove because of lack of knowledge of the emotion it would elicit. Likewise if you had lost memory of the experience as the result of, say, a head trauma, would not prevent you from touched the hot stove. This process of gaining knowledge by experience we shall call learning can be used in the reasoning process.

Reasoning
my result in a completely different action with regards to the hot stove. You may recall from memory at the hot stove can elicit either the emotion of pain if it is too hot or of pleasure if sufficiently cool to warm you when you are cold. As result you use reasoning to conduct a scientific experiment to determine which emotion is likely to result from touching it by approaching it slowly with your hand. So long as the negative emotion of pain does not dominate its opposite negative emotion of pleasure

(Q.6) It is held that production and interplay of negative and positive emotions, by direct experience, by way of reasoning, or by a combination of both, is the ultimate cause of all effects of all motivation of all human actions other than those reflexes built into our genetic code. . All other actions such as the reflexes built into our genetic code, are the more direct result of the laws of nature, devoid of the biological determinism resulting from human emotion. Indeed, the beating action of our you heart does not require any emotion, knowledge, or reasoning to occur even though some emotions may result in it beating faster.

Summation

(Q) Reasoning is mental activity in brain to use some system of in processing knowledge to be used in deciding biological actions and creating new knowledge from existing knowledge. The output of reasoned processes in the brain are combined with thoughtless and unreasoned outputs of emotional processes in the brain to decide which biological action to either take or not take. Reasoning does not require consciousness.


Reasoning